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Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) refers to the process of modifying cognitive biases in healthy people and also refers to a growing area of psychological (non-pharmaceutical) therapies for anxiety, depression and addiction called CBMT. Cognitive Bias Modification Therapy (CBMT) is sub-group of therapies within a growing area of psychological therapies based on modifying cognitive processes with or without accompanying medication and talk therapy, sometimes referred to as Applied Cognitive Processing Therapies (ACPT). Other ACPTs include attention training,〔Klumpp, H., & Amir, N. (2010). Preliminary Study of Attention Training to Threat and Neutral Faces on Anxious Reactivity to a Social Stressor in Social Anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34(3), 263-271.〕 interpretation modification,〔Mathews, A., Ridgeway, V., Cook, E., & Yiend, J. (2007). Inducing a benign interpretational bias reduces trait anxiety. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 38(2), 225-236. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2006.10.011〕 approach/avoid training,〔Eberl, C., Wiers, R. W., Pawelczack, S., Rinck, M., Becker, E. S., & Lindenmeyer, J. (2013). Approach bias modification in alcohol dependence: Do clinical effects replicate and for whom does it work best? Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 4(0), 38-51. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2012.11.002〕 imagery modification training,〔Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (2002). Induced processing biases have causal effects on anxiety. Cognition & Emotion, 16(3), 331-354. doi: 10.1080/02699930143000518〕 eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy〔Shapiro, Francine (12). "EMDR and the adaptive information processing model: Integrative treatment and case conceptualization". Clinical Social Work Journal 39: 191–200. doi:10.1007/s10615-010-0300-7.〕 for PTSD. According to Yiend et al. 2013 in an article in the peer reviewed scientific journal Cognitive Therapy Research, "CBM treatments are a more convenient and flexible than other modes of treatment because they do not require meetings with a therapist. They offer the potential for delivery using modern technologies (e.g. internet or mobile phone) and require minimal supervision. They could therefore become highly cost effective and widely accessible. CBM methods are also less demanding and more acceptable to patients than traditional therapies. This is because personal thoughts and beliefs are not directly interrogated, and there is no need for social interaction or stigmatizing visits to outpatient clinics. Similarly, patient insight is not required because CBM seeks to target the underlying maintaining cognitive bias directly; therefore, patient engagement is likely to be easier. In sum, CBM methods offer a high gain, low cost treatment option because they can circumvent many of the practical and psychological requirements that disadvantage competing psychological interventions''(Yiend, J., Lee, J. S., Tekes, S., Atkins, L., Mathews, A., Vrinten, M., … Shergill, S. (2013). Modifying Interpretation in a Clinically Depressed Sample Using 'Cognitive Bias Modification-Errors': A Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1-14. doi: 10.1007/s10608-013-9571-y)''" CBMT techniques are technology assisted therapies that are delivered via a computer with or without clinician support. CBM combines evidence and theory from the cognitive model of anxiety.〔Clark, D. A., & Beck, A. T. (2009). Cognitive Therapy of Anxiety Disorders: Science and Practice. London: Guildford.〕 cognitive neuroscience〔Browning, M.; Holmes, E. A.; Murphy, S. E.; Goodwin, G. M.; Harmer, C. J., Lateral Prefrontal Cortex Mediates the Cognitive Modification of Attentional Bias, 2010, Biological Psychiatry 67:10, 919-925〕〔Eldar, S., & Bar-Haim, Y. (2010). Neural plasticity in response to attention training in anxiety. Psychological Medicine, 40(4), 667-677. doi: 10.1017/s0033291709990766〕 and attentional models.〔Koster, E. H., De Lissnyder, E., Derakshan, N., & De Raedt, R. (2011). Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: the impaired disengagement hypothesis. Clin Psychol Rev, 31(1), 138-145. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.08.005〕〔Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. Emotion, 7(2), 336-353. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336〕〔De Lissnyder, E., Koster, E. H. W., Derakshan, N., & De Raedt, R. (2010). The association between depressive symptoms and executive control impairments in response to emotional and non-emotional information. Cognition & Emotion, 24(2), 264-280. doi: 10.1080/02699930903378354〕 CBM can be seen as one version of attentional retraining. It has been described as a 'cognitive vaccine'.〔http://www.economist.com/node/18276234〕 ==Efficacy evidence base and other research== CBMT is a growing area of evidence-based psychological therapy,〔MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (2012). Cognitive Bias Modification Approaches to Anxiety. Annu Rev Clin Psychol, 8, 189-217.〕〔Koster, E. H. W., Fox, E., & MacLeod, C. (2009). Introduction to the special section on cognitive bias modification in emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(1), 1-4. doi: 10.1037/a0014379〕〔Beard, C. (2011). Cognitive bias modification for anxiety: current evidence and future directions. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 11(2), 299-311. doi: 10.1586/ern.10.194〕 in which cognitive processes are modified to relieve suffering from serious; * depression〔Holmes, E. A., Lang, T. J., & Shah, D. M. (2009). Developing interpretation bias modification as a "cognitive vaccine" for depressed mood: imagining positive events makes you feel better than thinking about them verbally. J Abnorm Psychol, 118(1), 76-88. doi: 10.1037/a0012590〕 * anxiety〔See, J., MacLeod, C., & Bridle, R. (2009). The Reduction of Anxiety Vulnerability Through the Modification of Attentional Bias: A Real-World Study Using a Home-Based Cognitive Bias Modification Procedure. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(1), 65-75. doi: 10.1037/a0014377〕〔Amir, N., Bomyea, J., & Beard, C. (2010). The effect of single-session interpretation modification on attention bias in socially anxious individuals. J Anxiety Disord, 24(2), 178-182. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.10.005〕〔Carlbring, P., Apelstrand, M., Sehlin, H., Amir, N., Rousseau, A., Hofmann, S. G., & Andersson, G. (2012). Internet-delivered attention bias modification training in individuals with social anxiety disorder - a double blind randomized controlled trial. Bmc Psychiatry, 12. doi: 10.1186/1471-244x-12-66〕〔Beard, C., Weisberg, R. B., & Amir, N. (2011). Combined cognitive bias modification treatment for social anxiety disorder: a pilot trial. Depression and Anxiety, 28(11), 981-988. doi: 10.1002/da.20873〕〔Amir, N., Beard, C., Burns, M., & Bomyea, J. (2009). Attention modification program in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of abnormal psychology, 118(1), 28-33.〕〔Boettcher J, Leek L, Matson L, Holmes, E. A., Browning M, MacLeod C, . . . P, C. Internet-based attention modification for social anxiety: a randomised controlled comparison of training towards negative and training towards positive cues (SUBMITTED).〕〔Boettcher, J., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2013). Combining attention training with cognitive-behavior therapy in Internet-based self-help for social anxiety: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 14, 68.〕〔Amir, N., Taylor, C., & Donohue, M. (2011). Predictors of response to an attention modification program in generalized social phobia. J Consult Clin Psychol, 79(4), 533-541.〕〔Amir, N., & Taylor, C. T. (2012). Combining Computerized Home-Based Treatments for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: An Attention Modification Program and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Behav Ther, 43(3), 546-559. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2010.12.008〕〔Boettcher, J., Berger, T., & Renneberg, B. (2012). Internet-Based Attention Training for Social Anxiety: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(5), 522-536. doi: 10.1007/s10608-011-9374-y〕〔Beard, C., Weisberg, R. B., & Primack, J. (2012). Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients' Attitudes Toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 40(5), 618-633. doi: 10.1017/s1352465811000671〕〔Amir, N., Beard, C., Burns, M., & Bomyea, J. (2009). Attention modification program in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(1), 28-33. doi: 10.1037/a0012589〕〔Amir, N., Weber, G., Beard, C., Bomyea, J., & Taylor, C. T. (2008). The effect of a single-session attention modification program on response to a public-speaking challenge in socially anxious individuals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(4), 860-868. doi: 10.1037/a0013445〕〔Beard, C., Sawyer, A. T., & Hofmann, S. G. (2012). Efficacy of Attention Bias Modification Using Threat and Appetitive Stimuli: A Meta-Analytic Review. Behav Ther. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2012.01.002〕〔Macleod, C., Soong, L., Rutherford, E. M., & Campbell, L. W. (2007). Internet-delivered assessment and manipulation of anxiety-linked attentional bias: Validation of a free-access attentional probe software package. Behaviour Research Methods, 39(3), 533-538.〕〔Hakamata, Y., Lissek, S., Bar-Haim, Y., Britton, J. C., Fox, N. A., Leibenluft, E., . . . Pine, D. S. (2010). Attention bias modification treatment: a meta-analysis toward the establishment of novel treatment for anxiety. Biol Psychiatry, 68(11), 982-990. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.07.021〕〔Schmidt, N. B., Richey, J. A., Buckner, J. D., & Timpano, K. R. (2009). Attention training for generalized social anxiety disorder. J Abnorm Psychol, 118(1), 5-14. doi: 10.1037/a0013643〕〔Hazen, R. A., Vasey, M. W., & Schmidt, N. B. (2009). Attentional retraining: a randomized clinical trial for pathological worry. J Psychiatr Res, 43(6), 627-633. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.07.004〕〔Amir, N., Beard, C., Taylor, C. T., Klumpp, H., Elias, J., Burns, M., & Chen, X. (2009). Attention training in individuals with generalized social phobia: A randomized controlled trial. J Consult Clin Psychol, 77(5), 961-973. doi: 10.1037/a0016685〕〔Beard, C., & Amir, N. (2008). A multi-session interpretation modification program: changes in interpretation and social anxiety symptoms. Behav Res Ther, 46(10), 1135-1141. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.012〕〔Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Pergamin, L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van, I. M. H. (2007). Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: a meta-analytic study. Psychol Bull, 133(1), 1-24. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.1〕 * addiction〔Wiers, R. W., Eberl, C., Rinck, M., Becker, E. S., & Lindenmeyer, J. (2011). Retraining Automatic Action Tendencies Changes Alcoholic Patients' Approach Bias for Alcohol and Improves Treatment Outcome. Psychological Science, 22(4), 490-497. doi: 10.1177/0956797611400615〕〔Eberl, C., Wiers, R. W., Pawelczack, S., Rinck, M., Becker, E. S., & Lindenmeyer, J. (2013). Approach bias modification in alcohol dependence: Do clinical effects replicate and for whom does it work best? Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 4(0), 38-51. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2012.11.002〕〔Wiers, R. W., Rinck, M., Kordts, R., Houben, K., & Strack, F. (2010). Retraining automatic action-tendencies to approach alcohol in hazardous drinkers. Addiction, 105(2), 279-287. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02775.x〕〔Schoenmakers, T. M., de Bruin, M., Lux, I. F. M., Goertz, A. G., Van Kerkhof, D., & Wiers, R. W. (2010). Clinical effectiveness of attentional bias modification training in abstinent alcoholic patients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 109(1-3), 30-36. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.11.022〕 CBM has been found to change brain activity, moving prefrontal cortex activity more to the left side, which is normally associated with more positive and happier thinking.〔http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866253/〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cognitive bias modification」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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